Nov 9, 2017

Weekend Links - 11/9/2017

QUOTE OF THE WEEK

...for many entrepreneurs, they spent a lifetime reaching just beyond their grasp, always reaching for the next goal, he said. “It’s a really lucky person who can say I have enough. I am comfortable with what I have.” NYT on wealth anxiety 

IMAGE OF THE MOMENT

may daughter's cat sitting next to me helping with the weekend links...



RETIREMENT FINANCE AND PLANNING

This declining rate of bankruptcy in among retirement-aged individuals is notable, because the greatest risk for retirees is outliving their money. Yet with bankruptcy rates decreasing among older adults, the data suggests that bankruptcy in retirement may not be (at least primarily) the result of depleting a portfolio due to longevity or inadequate savings going into retirement! A 2010 study from Deborah Thorne at the University of Ohio on the interconnected reasons that elder Americans file for bankruptcy found that credit card debt and illness/injury (which can trigger substantial medical expenses, which may subsequently turn into unpayable medical debts) were the two leading causes of bankruptcy among the elderly (based on self-reports from those who had filed for bankruptcy). As Dirk Cotton has pointed out, sequence of return risk does not appear to be a significant contributor to bankruptcy among the elderly, as only 6.7% of filers reported “retirement” as the source of their bankruptcy, and again bankruptcy rates are highest in the early years of retirement—when failures due to sequence of return risk (based on reasonable withdrawal rates) are mostly non-existent.  

EarlyRetirementNow.com
How sensitive is the savings horizon to different rates of returns? What happens if we use historical returns instead of one specific expected return assumption? How important is the asset allocation (stock vs. bond weights) on the path to early retirement? How much does the equity valuation regime (e.g. the initial CAPE ratio when starting to save) matter? 

Annuities and Trusts, John L. Olsen, Michael E. Kitces, Thinkadvisor
In the following discussion, we will examine some of the problems advisors may encounter when annuities are owned by, or made payable to, a trust, and the rules (i.e., the tax rules and the contractual provisions and administrative policies of annuity issuers) that are not well understood. 

Five Common Misperceptions About Using the Actuarial Approach for Personal Financial Planning, Ken Steiner
No one (not even actuaries or financial advisors) knows what your investments will earn in the future and no one knows how long you (or your spouse) will live.   In fact, what we do know is that whatever assumptions we make about the future will be wrong, and future adjustments to spending plans will likely be required.  These unknowns make spending budgeting a difficult task. 

The most important takeaway is that deferred income annuities (DIAs) are the most economically-efficient way to fund late retirement by providing "longevity insurance." Single-Premium Income Annuities (SPIAs) are a better way to provide income throughout retirement for retirees with an inadequate "floor" of safe income. The correct choice depends on the problem or problems you are trying to solve — you might even need one of each. 



MARKETS AND INVESTING 

Most investors would actually be better off by splitting the exposure into cheaper beta solutions and more expensive, high active share solutions.  Bar-belling low fee beta with high active share, higher fee managers may actually be cheaper to incorporate than those found the middle of the road. The largest problem with this approach, in our minds, is behavioral. 

Empirical research suggests that it is easier to predict relative returns within an asset class than to predict absolute returns. Also, out-of-sample value generation with standard factors has been more robust for relative positions than for outright directional positions. This has been shown for bond, equity and currency markets. Importantly, directional and relative predictability have been complementary sources of investment returns, suggesting that using both will produce best performance.  

If we look at the numbers from a year ago, the probability of a 20% or more down move was more than double the risk of a 20% up move over the next year; (13% versus 5%). Now, the chance of a 20% down move is approximately 8% and the chance of an up move is about 2%. The market has a tighter range but the chan[c]e of a down move is still much higher than an up move. There is still skew to the downside but likelihoods have fallen. 



ALTERNATIVE RISK

The academic evidence suggests that inclusion of a strategy targeting time-series momentum in a portfolio improves that portfolio’s risk-adjusted returns. Strategies that attempt to capture the premium offered by time-series momentum are often called “managed futures,” as they take long and short positions in assets via futures markets.  


FY 2017 was an unusual year for endowment performance. Ivy League endowment returns were all positive, rebounding from a tough FY 2016. Traditional under-performers outperformed, with traditional outperformers posting more moderate returns. Public equity markets rallied strongly, boosting the returns of the Ivy endowments. Longer term trends show that endowments continue to increase exposures to illiquid investments, moving more toward the Yale model of a high-risk, high-return portfolio. 



SOCIETY AND CAPITAL

For each possible ameliorative strategy there will be imperfections and the potential for negative behavioural spillovers (where an intervention backfires and produces the opposite effect of that intended).  However, there is little doubt that the biases that impact recruitment in the asset management industry are deep-rooted and material; for meaningful change, bold thinking and actions are required. 

Tax Graph. John Cochrane
This is grumpy economist, Saturday morning cartoon edition. Perhaps a colorful graph will help as you try to explain taxes to relatives this Thanksgiving. 

Financial crises inflict significant human as well as economic hardship. This paper focuses on the human fallout of capital market stress. Financial stress-induced behavioral changes can manifest in higher suicide and murder-suicide rates. We find that these rates also correlate with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate (negatively associated; a -0.25% drop [in the rate of change in annual suicides for a 1% change in the independent variable]), unemployment rate (positive link; 0.298% increase), inflation rate (positive link; 0.169% increase in suicide rate levels) and stock market returns adjusted for the risk-free T-Bill rate (negative link; -0.047% drop). Suicides tend to rise during periods of economic turmoil…  

The U.S. retirement system, and the workers and retirees it was designed to help, face major challenges. Traditional pensions have become much less common, and individuals are increasingly responsible for planning and managing their own retirement savings accounts, such as 401(k) plans. Yet research shows that many households are ill-equipped for this task and have little or no retirement savings. In this special report, GAO examines these challenges, drawing from prior work and others’ research, as well as insights from a panel of retirement experts on how to better ensure a secure and adequate retirement, with dignity, for all. [I'm all for dignity.  Watch your wallet, though.] 



"Imagine that someone gave you 300 million pounds of food and asked you to distribute it to the poor—through food banks—all across the United States. The nonprofit Feeding America faces this problem every year. The food in question is donated to Feeding America by manufacturers and distributors across the United States. As an example, a Walmart in Georgia could have 25,000 pounds of excess tinned fruit at one of its warehouses and give it to Feeding America to distribute to one of 210 regional food banks. How should this be accomplished?" 

I am opposed to this change, mostly because I don’t like to see the government deciding to go after a new source of wealth for its tax base.  The focal point of non-interference ceases to be focal, and excesses and politicization too often follow.  Slippery slope! 

“We want the telescope to be limited by fundamental physics—the wavelength of light and the diameter of the mirror—not the irregularities on the mirror’s surface,” says optical scientist Buddy Martin, who oversees the lab's grinding and polishing operations. By “irregularities,” he’s talking about defects bigger than 20 nanometers—about the size of a small virus. But when the mirror comes out of the mold, its imperfections can measure a millimeter or more. [I've built three (or was it four?) telescopes from scratch over the last 40 years so I think this is cool] 

The "Paradox of Prudence" - Each firm tries to reduce risk exposure and be micro-prudent, but this leads to more systematic risk and is macro-imprudent. While some behavior can be market risk tampering, risk management can also be risk amplifying for the economy as a whole. Attempting to control your risk will spill-over to other firm. 

“If someone doesn’t have that money growing up, it’s like being shot through with too much energy,” she said. “There’s this undercurrent that money equals love, power, security, control, self-worth, self-love, freedom, self-esteem — all those loaded things that money supposedly can do, but doesn’t.” Wealth frequently comes with a bundle of expectations — anxiety and pressure to make smart money decisions, for example, about how it is managed, spent, passed on to future generations, or used to create a legacy. There is a degree of fear. “People are afraid of the money, how it might corrupt them, or make them insensitive to other people’s plights,” Ms. Mellan said. “They worry about their kids having so much money thrown at them that they will not be motivated to work for money and have a meaningful life.” 

“there are no “covering laws” which explain England’s primacy; the best we can do is to formulate explanatory generalizations with an error term. Given that the “event” is unique, the tools of statistical inference are inadequate to explain the timing of decisive innovations . . . Furthermore, if the Industrial Revolution is thought of as the result of a stochastic process, the question, “Why was England first?” is misconceived: the observed result need not imply the superiority of antecedent conditions in England” (Crafts, 1978). 

There is only one power law with a variable exponent, and it’s considered to be one of the most powerful forces in the universe. It’s also the most misunderstood. We call it compounding. 

This is the constant reminder. The reminder that the little things you do, the actions you perform, the habits you build day in and day out will form your life. Remember, you are a fractal of yourself. What you do on one day you likely do on most days. You may not notice these actions on a daily basis just like you probably don’t notice yourself getting fitter and you don’t notice Voyager 1 moving away from us at 10 miles a second, every second. However, these effects are still there, compounding away.  

"It would take some odd mixture of clueless, heartless, and moral blindness to argue that poverty in the United States or other high-income countries should be defined in the same way as in low-income countries. But…" 




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